The fundamental theorem of arithmetic states that every natural number greater than 1 can be factorized into prime numbers in a way that is unique up to the order in which the factors are written.

2007, James Alfred Walker, Julian Francis Miller, Predicting Prime Numbers Using Cartesian Genetic Programming, Marc Ebner, Michael O'Neill, Anikó Ekárt, Anna Isabel Esparcia-Alcázar, Leonardo Vanneschi (editors), Genetic Programming: 10th European Conference, EuroGP 2007, Proceedings, Springer, LNCS 4445, page 215,
As the evolved solution for the first 16 prime numbers was capable of accepting inputs up to 31, we decided to extend the experiment to see how the solution generalised on 15 previously unseen inputs (just as we did with the integer-based approach). From the 15 unseen inputs, 7 of the predicted 15 outputs were prime numbers, which is just below 50%, indicating that the solution had learned something about "primeness" or favoured prime numbers.

The most common definition of a prime number used in school seems to be 'an integer whose only factors are one and itself', which unfortunately leaves open the question of whether one is itself a prime number. Until the nineteenth century, most mathematicians regarded one as a prime number – Henri Lebesgue (1875–1941) is often said to be the last professional mathematician to call one prime – so it is a little unfair to regard learners as silly for thinking this today, or for questioning why we do not now regard one as a prime number – it is still a good question.

Some poems, echoing the purpose of early poetic treatises on scientific principles, attempt to elucidate the mathematical concepts that underlie prime numbers. Others play with primes’ cultural associations. Still others derive their structure from mathematical patterns involving primes.

Prime number

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